Ingredients of Cement

INGREDIENT PERCENTAGE USE EXCESS LACK LIME 60-65 STRENGTH Unsound, disintegration of cement. Low strength, decrease setting time SILICA 17-25 STRENGTH High strength, increase setting time Low strength, decrease setting time ALUMINA 3-8 SETTING TIME Decrease setting time, decrease temperature of clinker Increase setting time IRON OXIDE 0.5-6 COLOUR Reddish color Low hardness MAGNESIA 0.1-3 COLOUR Yellowish color Low hardness GYPSUM 1-3 SETTING TIME Increases setting time Decreases setting time SULPHUR 1-3 SOUNDNESS Unsound Unsound ALKALI 0.1-1 Efflorescence

Differences between impulse and reaction turbine

IMPLUSE TURBINE REACTION TURBINE The potential energy of water is completely converted to kinetic energy while striking. The potential energy of water is partially converted to kinetic energy while striking. The pressure of jet striking is atmospheric. The pressure of jet striking is less than atmospheric It is not connected directly with pipe. It is connected directly with pipe. Ex: Pelton wheel turbine Ex: Francis Turbine Draft tube is not required. Draft tube is required in tailrace.